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For a long time, five-axis machining centers have been important in the aerospace industry, where machining follows the aerodynamic shape of the aircraft. Some machine's moving rotary axes are only used to position the tool or work outside the cut. Machines capable of this "3+2" machining can typically achieve all of the part's machining features in one setup. Five-axis machining adds two rotary axes to the three common linear axes (X, Y, and Z). The two rotary axes of the three-axis (A, B, C) axis have different motion methods to meet the technical requirements of various products.
One important advantage of a five-axis machining center is the ability to use shorter cutting tools because the head can be lowered and the tool properly positioned. This helps achieve higher cutting speeds without applying too much pressure on the tool, thereby extending tool life and reducing breakage. The use of shorter tools can also reduce tool vibration that may occur when using a three-axis machine to machine deep cores or cavities. This can result in a higher quality surface finish, reducing or eliminating the need for time-consuming manual finishing.
Another major benefit of machining with a five-axis machining center is the ability to machine extremely complex parts from solid material that would otherwise have to be cast. For prototypes and very small runs, this method is faster and less expensive. It can provide delivery times of one to two weeks versus the two months or longer required for casting.
Machining with a five-axis machining center can also save a significant amount of drilling time. While this may seem trivial compared to the difficulty of machining complex cores or cavities, drilling a series of holes with different compound angles is very time-consuming. With three-axis machines, different setups have to be used for each hole. With a five-axis machining center, the head can be automatically oriented along the correct axis for each hole, making drilling faster.
The five axes of a five-axis machining center typically refer to the ability of a CNC machine to move the part or tool simultaneously on five different CNC axes. Standard 3-axis milling is done on the X, Y, and Z axes. These three linear axes represent the directions the spindle or part (depending on the machine) can move: X-axis: left to right, Y-axis: front to back, Z-axis: up and down. Five-axis machining centers also use two rotary axes: the A-axis, B-axis, and C-axis. A-axis: rotates around the X-axis, B-axis: rotates around the Y-axis, C-axis: rotates around the Z-axis.
